The settlement of a person’s estate after his/her death, based on our experience, is potentially one of the more bitter litigations. It’s never good to see relatives fighting each other. Some persons, with the intent of controlling the disposition of his/her properties after his/her death (and hopefully prevent fighting among his/her heirs over the properties left), prepare a “last will and testament”. Let’s have a brief discussion on this matter.
I. “LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT”
A “last will and testament,” or simply a “will,” is “an act whereby a person is permitted, with the formalities prescribed by law, to control to a certain degree the disposition of his estate”. It is a document whereby a person, called the “testator,” disposes of his/her properties or “estate,” to take effect upon his/her death.
The “testator” is the deceased person who made a last will and testament.
The person who is given PERSONAL property through a will is technically called the “legatee,” while the person who is given REAL property in a will is called the “devisee.”
The person named in the will who is entrusted to implement its provisions is called the “executor.” If the “executor” is female, she is formally known as the “executrix”.
II. WILL VS. INHERITANCE
A “will” is different from “inheritance”. A will is different from inheritance, which “includes all the property, rights and obligations of a person which are not extinguished by his death” (Civil Code, Art. 776). In other words, the basic difference between a “will” and “inheritance” is that a “will” is the document that determines the disposition of the “inheritance”.
III. WILLS VS. DONATIONS
A document entitled “last will and testament”, but provides that all properties must be transferred during the lifetime of the testator, is not a “will”. A will takes effect upon death of the testator. If the disposition takes effect before his/her death, it is a donation and is governed by the formalities of and legal provisions on donations.
IV. KINDS OF WILLS
There are two kinds of wills — holographic and notarial. A holographic will must be entirely written, dated, and signed by the hand of the testator himself. It is subject to no other form, and may be made in or out of the Philippines, and need not be witnessed (Article 810, Civil Code; See Holographic Wills: Form, Requirements for Validity and Probate).
On the other hand, a notarial will may be printed, signed by the testator and at least three witnesses, and notarized. [See Notarial Wills: Form and Requirements]
V. ABSENCE OF WILL
A will enables a person to have control over the disposition of his/her estate. In the absence of a will (or if the will is not probated), the general provisions of law govern the disposition of the estate of the deceased person. The proceedings in the absence of a will is called “intestate proceedings.” [See also: Basic Concepts in Estate Proceedings and Extrajudicial Settlement of Estate]
VI. PROBATE
“Probate” is a special proceeding to establish the validity of a will. Probate is mandatory, which means that no will passes either real or personal property unless it is proved and allowed in a proper court. Courts in probate proceedings, as a rule, are limited to pass only upon the extrinsic validity of the will sought to be probated, but the courts are not powerless to do what the situation constrains them to do, and pass upon certain provisions of the will, under exceptional circumstances.
A will may be probated during the lifetime of the testator. This way, the testator could himself/herself affirm the validity of the will.
VII. REPROBATE
It is a special proceeding to establish the validity of a will previously proved in a foreign country.
VIII. DUTY OF THE CUSTODIAN OF A WILL
The person who has custody of the will has the legal obligation to produce it. The practical problem with this is when only a few persons know about the existence of the will and all of them agree not to produce it. This is one of the reasons why some testators sometimes entrust the custody of a will to their lawyers, who are then obligated upon death of said testator to enforce the provisions of his/her will.
In the case of Dy Yieng Sangio vs. Reyes (G.R. Nos. 140371-72 (27 November 2006), a petition for the settlement of the intestate estate was filed. The oppositors argued that the deceased has a holographic will and that the intestate proceedings should be automatically suspended and replaced by the proceedings for the probate of the will. A petition for probate of the holographic will was eventually filed. The Supreme Court ordered the probate of the will and the suspension of the intestate proceedings. According to the SC, it is a fundamental principle that the intent or the will of the testator, expressed in the form and within the limits prescribed by law, must be recognized as the supreme law in succession. All rules of construction are designed to ascertain and give effect to that intention. It is only when the intention of the testator is contrary to law, morals, or public policy that it cannot be given effect.
IX. ERROR IN TITLE OF DOCUMENT
Even if a document is not entitled “last will and testament,” it still can be treated as a will. In the case of Dy Yieng Sangio vs. Reyes, the document is entitled “Kasulatan ng Pag-Aalis ng Mana.” The document, although it may initially come across as a mere disinheritance instrument, conforms to the formalities of a holographic will prescribed by law. It is written, dated and signed by the hand of the testator himself. An intent to dispose mortis causa (upon death) can be clearly deduced from the terms of the instrument, and while it does not make an affirmative disposition of the latter’s property, the disinheritance, nonetheless, is an act of disposition in itself. In other words, the disinheritance results in the disposition of the property of the testator in favor of those who would succeed in the disinherited heir.
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I have a question..,
If the dead relative was able to state her last will to a certain person and was able to sign it, will be granted as valid Last Will & Testament?
Because based on our experience, my Aunt was able to state to whom and to where she wanted her properties to be given together with the funds that she has on her bank account. But my Aunt’s didn’t abide her wants when she passed away. They give it to their children instead of sharing it to us as to what she always wanted. Same with the funds in the bank, she divided every single cent of it to be given for specific person and organization, but we all found out that they distributed it to their own accounts. So, will I be able to follow up our rights for that? Hence, they have the copy of the will. I was signed by the owner, and their reason for saying it’s invalid is because there are no witnesses. so now all of her properties and bank account has been distributed according to their will and my Aunt’s will. Thank you.
HI,
may I ask what is Article 32 that SSS requires when you sell your house and lot that was already fully paid.
thank you.
Hello po,
ask lang po sana ako kung kailan nawawalan ng bisa ang will?, ano – ano po ang grounds para mawalan ng bisa ang isang will?, maari po bang mabago pa ang will kahit patay na ang testator?
Marami pa po akong katanungan, pero maaari pong paki sagot ng mga una kong katanungan.
Salamat po.
gusto po malaman kung valid po kaya yung pagka executrix ko dahil po ako po ang inilagay na executrix ng asawa ko , nakalagay di po duon na ” to my wife ruth pantinople dorado acree, i give the house and lot located in etc etc ..” kso po yung pong kasal namin invalid..ngayon po dahil invalid po yung kasal nmin pati po ba yung pagkaexecuterix ko invalid na din? at pati mana ko invalid na din?? sa america po yung bahay at lupa na mana ko sana kasi po amercano po asawa ko dito po kmi kasal sa pinas. pls help me po ksi namatay na nga po yung asawa ko ngayon po yung mga anak nya yun nga ang sabi wala nakong karapatan dahil invalid yung kasal namin. tulungan po sana nyo ako gusto ko malaman kung invalid na nga yung nakasulat sa last will and testament ng asawa ko.
Hello po! what if decedent left a deed of donation before he died. He died 25 years ago is it still valid for donation tax in the bir payment purposes? ..but his wife still living with 7 children his deed of donation had been notarized .
What if the last and will testament wasn’t followed and rejected by the persons left and made their own decision is it a crime?
Hi, Is there a way to know if my Dad made a Will? He died last July 31 in the Philippines and me & my sister (illigitimate children) were not able to go to his funeral in the Philippines because it was impossible for us to leave our jobs here in Spain. We do not have a very good relationship with our half siblilngs so we didn´t want to ask them. Here in Spain, there´s a government agency which handles the last Will of the deceased so you would know right away if you have an inheritance to claim. Please advise.
Is it legally valid to include a deceased person as one of the beneficiaries in the Last Will and Testament under the Philippine Law?
My four sisters, 3 older sisters and 1 youngest sister, made a Last Will and Testament for my oldest sister, who lives in Manila, 74 yrs old, singe/never been married, no children, who is physically disabled, cannot walk, and cannot read and see much anymore as her vision is already failing. My 4 sisters who made the Will for my disabled oldest sister intentionally excluded my name as one of the siblings/beneficiaries of my oldest sister/Testator in the Will. My sisters who made the Will and I had a dispute about it in the emails as we live apart – they live overseas – USA and Canada and I live in Australia. My sisters who did the Will gave me different alibis in regards to excluding me from the Will as one of the siblings/beneficiaries. I rang my oldest sister in Manila who is disabled and owner of the Will and told her about how my other sisters made her Will for her to sign. My oldest sister, the owner of the Will, did not agree to exclude me from her Will as one of the siblings/beneficiaries. She also told me that she could not read and see much anymore because her vision is already failing or partially blind. My other sister went back to Manila with the Will document for my oldest disabled sister to execute the Will.
Is it legally valid for my oldest disabled sister to sign her Will even if she could not read and see properly? If she signed the Will without knowing that my name is excluded as beneficiary in the Will as she could not read and see much anymore, would it invalidate the Will? Can I protest the Will in Probate proceedings after my sister’s demise or while she is still living, or do I have to file a separate court proceedings to protest the Will after my sister’s demise or while she is still living?
Hello po, paano po ba gumawa ng holographic will? May format pa bang sinusundan or kung anuman ang gusto mong sabihin? Pls. Pm nmn po me.
Equal rights po ba ang pagbigay ng property?