Premature campaigning is now gone from our statute books. This is the effect of the Supreme Court resolution in Rosalinda Penera vs. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 181613, 25 November 2009 (Justice Carpio, pontente).
Background of the applicable laws
Section 80 of the Omnibus Election Code (“Election Code”) prohibits any person, whether a candidate or not, from engaging in election campaign or partisan political activity except during the campaign period fixed by law. Section 80 of the Election Code reads:
SECTION 80. Election campaign or partisan political activity outside campaign period. — It shall be unlawful for any person, whether or not a voter or candidate, or for any party, or association of persons, to engage in an election campaign or partisan political activity except during the campaign period: x x x
Premature campaigning used to be a criminal offense and a ground for disqualification of guilty candidates. Section 68 of the Election Code reads:
SECTION. 68. Disqualifications. – Any candidate who, in an action or protest in which he is a party is declared by final decision of a competent court guilty of, or found by the Commission of having x x x (e) violated any of Sections 80, 83, 85, 86 and 261, paragraphs d, e, k, v, and cc, subparagraph 6, shall be disqualified from continuing as a candidate, or if he has been elected, from holding the office; x x x
In 1997, Congress passed Republic Act (R.A.) No. 8436 (An Act Authorizing The Commission On Elections To Use An Automated Election System In The May 11, 1998 National Or Local Elections And In Subsequent National And Local Electoral Exercises, Providing Funds Therefor And For Other Purposes). Section 15 of R.A. 8436, as amended by R.A. 9369, provides:
SECTION.15. Official Ballot. – x x x
x x x
For this purpose, the Commission shall set the deadline for the filing of certificate of candidacy/petition of registration/manifestation to participate in the election. Any person who files his certificate of candidacy within this period shall only be considered as a candidate at the start of the campaign period for which he filed his certificate of candidacy: Provided, That, unlawful acts or omissions applicable to a candidate shall take effect only upon the start of the aforesaid campaign period[.]
Background of the case; Previous Ruling
Rosalinda Penera was a candidate for mayor in Sta. Monica, Surigao Del Norte, during the 2007 elections. On 29 March 2007, before proceeding to the COMELEC to file her Certificate of Candidacy (CoC), Penera had a motorcade around the town. The motorcade included two trucks and numerous motorcycles laden with balloons, banners, and posters that showed the names of their candidates and the positions they sought. One of the trucks had a public speaker that announced Penera’s candidacy for mayor. These acts, as the COMELEC ruled in Penera’s disqualification case, constitute election campaign before the start of the campaign period. Penera was disqualified.
In a Resolution dated 24 July 2007, the Supreme Court upheld the COMELEC. The Supreme Court, at that time, made the ruling that a person, after filing his/her COC but prior to his/her becoming a candidate (thus, prior to the start of the campaign period), can already commit the acts described under Section 79(b) of the Election Code. However, only after said person officially becomes a candidate, at the beginning of the campaign period, can said acts be given effect as premature campaigning under Section 80.
Penera filed a motion for reconsideration, which was recently granted by the Supreme Court. The 2007 Resolution was reversed.
Ruling of the Supreme Court
The essential elements for violation of Section 80 of the Election Code are: (1) a person engages in an election campaign or partisan political activity; (2) the act is designed to promote the election or defeat of a particular candidate or candidates; (3) the act is done outside the campaign period.
The second element requires the existence of a “candidate.”
Under Section 79(a) of the Election Code, a candidate is one who “has filed a certificate of candidacy” to an elective public office. This is qualified by Section 15 of R.A. 8436, which provides that the person who filed a CoC “shall only be considered as a candidate at the start of the campaign period for which he filed his certificate of candidacy.”
In other words, “a candidate is liable for an election offense only for acts done during the campaign period, not before. The law is clear as daylight — any election offense that may be committed by a candidate under any election law cannot be committed before the start of the campaign period.“ This clear language is confirmed by the deliberations in Congress during the enactment of this law.
Congress has the power to craft the law and the Supreme Court has the duty to apply the law that is clear. While the Supreme Court has the power to declare this particular provision as unconstitutional, and, therefore, null and void, there is no question of unconstitutionality in this case. The remedial action would be before Congress, which has the power to amend the law.
The existing rule on premature campaigning
The act of engaging in an election campaign or partisan political activity to “promote the election or defeat of a particular candidate or candidates”, before the start of the campaign period, is what was commonly known as “premature campaigning”. Because premature campaigning requires the existence of a “candidate” and because there is no “candidate” to speak of until the start of the campaign period, there is no more premature campaigning.
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i found trouble on the applicability of “jurisdictional amount” involving action for quieting of title over real property. the assessed value of the property is below 100k. The action was filed in the RTC believing that action for quieting of title is an action incapable of pecuniary estimation. This is because the main issue involved is the determination of the existence of the cloud of doubt that cast upon one’s title and its removal. On one hand, the rule provides that the jurisdiction over action involving title to real property shall be determined by its assessed value. Which is which?
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thank you very for the post this is very important guide to me specially that I filed my COC. Million thanks. it was a great help.
those provisions should really need to be amend. first of all the term “premature campaigning” cannot be exist. so it is so irrational to put a rule prohibiting premature campaign. *sighs* -_-